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Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (historically Vaccin Bilié de Calmette et Guérin commonly referred to as Bacille de Calmette et Guérin or BCG) is a vaccine against tuberculosis and for the treatment of some bladder cancers. It is prepared from a strain of the attenuated (virulence-reduced) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, ''Mycobacterium bovis'', that has lost its virulence in humans. Because the living bacilli evolve to make the best use of available nutrients, they become less well-adapted to human blood and can no longer induce disease when introduced into a human host. Still, they are similar enough to their wild ancestors to provide some degree of immunity against human tuberculosis. The BCG vaccine can be anywhere from 0 to 80% effective in preventing tuberculosis for a duration of 15 years; however, its protective effect appears to vary according to geography and the lab in which the vaccine strain was grown. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system. ==Medical uses== The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccine can be administered after birth intradermally. BCG vaccination is recommended to be given intradermally. A previous BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test, although a very high-grade reading is usually due to active disease. The age of the patient and the frequency with which BCG is given has always varied from country to country. *WHO BCG policy: The WHO recommend BCG be given to all children born in countries highly endemic for TB because it protects against miliary TB and TB meningitis. *Brazil: Brazil introduced universal BCG immunization in 1967–1968, and the practice continues until now. According to Brazilian law, BCG is given again to professionals of the health sector and to people close to patients with tuberculosis or leprosy. *Central and South America: Most countries in Central and South America have universal BCG immunizations. In Ecuador, a child cannot receive their birth certificate without having the BCG vaccine in their medical record along with other vaccinations.〔http://www.siise.gob.ec/siiseweb/PageWebs/SALUD/ficsal_S21.htm〕 *France: The BCG was mandatory for school children between 1950 and 2007,〔Loi n° 50-7 du 5 janvier 1950〕〔décret n° 2007-1111 du 17 juillet 2007〕 and for healthcare professionals between 1947 and 2010. Vaccination is still available for French healthcare professionals and social workers but is now decided on a case by case basis.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=relatif à l'obligation de vaccination par le BCG des professionnels listés aux articles L )〕 *India and Pakistan: India and Pakistan introduced BCG mass immunization in 1948, the first countries outside Europe to do so. *Mongolia: All newborns are vaccinated with BCG. Previously, the vaccine was also given at ages 8 and 15, although this is no longer common practice.〔C. Oyunsolong, personal communication. Vaccine Specialist, Selenge Province Health Department, Mongolia. 14 January 2015.〕 * Norway: In Norway the BCG vaccine was mandatory from 1947 to 1995. It is still available and recommended for high-risk groups.〔http://www.fhi.no/eway/default.aspx?pid=239&trg=Content_6493&Main_6157=6287:0:25,5501&MainContent_6287=6493:0:25,6826&Content_6493=6441:68710::0:6446:1:::0:0#eHandbook687100〕 *Philippines: BCG vaccine started in the Philippines in 1979 with the Expanded Program on Immunization * South Africa: In South Africa, the BCG Vaccine is given routinely at birth, to all newborns, except those with clinically symptomatic AIDS. The vaccination site in the right shoulder.〔() 〕 * Sri Lanka: In Sri Lanka, The National Policy of Sri Lanka is to give BCG vaccination to all newborn babies immediately after birth. BCG vaccination is carried out under the Expanded Programme of Immunisation (EPI). 〔(【引用サイトリンク】website=The National Programme for TB Control & Chest Diseases. )〕 * Thailand: In Thailand, the BCG Vaccine is given routinely at birth. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】website=Thai Pediatrics )〕 *United Kingdom: The UK introduced universal BCG immunization in 1953, and until July 2005, the UK policy was to immunize all school children between 10 and 14 years of age, and all neonates born into high-risk groups. The injection was given only once during an individual's lifetime (as there is no evidence of additional protection from more than one vaccination). BCG was also given to protect people who had been exposed to tuberculosis. The peak of tuberculosis incidence is in adolescence and early adulthood, and the MRC trial showed efficacy lasted a maximum of 15 years. Routine immunization with BCG for all school children was scrapped in July 2005 because of falling cost-effectiveness: whereas in 1953, 94 children would have to be immunized to prevent one case of TB, by 1988, the annual incidence of TB in the UK had fallen so much, 12,000 children would have to be immunized to prevent one case of TB. *United States: The US has never used mass immunization of BCG, relying instead on the detection and treatment of latent tuberculosis. *Other countries: In some countries, such as the former Soviet Union, BCG was given regularly throughout life. In South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Malaysia, BCG was given at birth and again at age 12. But in Malaysia and Singapore, from 2001, this policy was changed to once only at birth. South Korea also stopped the re-vaccination in 2008. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「BCG vaccine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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